ABSTRACT
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used antiepileptic agent which is associated with reproductive toxicity via impairment in oxidative redox. Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) are trace element with antioxidant effect that known to be essential for spermatogenesis. In the current study, the protective effect of co-administration of Zn and Se on VPA-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats was evaluated. Forty-eight male rats were divided into 8 groups of six (n=6): Control group (treated with normal saline); VPA only (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus Zn (2 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus Se (1.5 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus a combination of Zn and Se group; and VPA+vitamin E (20 mg/kg) group. The Animals were sacrificed after 28 days of treatment and sperm analysis was taken. Also, evaluation of oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), glutathione (GSH) and histopathological changes were done on testis tissue. Morphological changes and a significant decrease in motility and sperm count in rats treated with VPA were observed. Also, an increase in oxidative stress marker, including MDA and PC and a decrease in GSH level was evident in VPA group. Zn and Se administration was able to protect against sperm abnormality, ameliorate the histological change in testis tissue, and suppressed the increase in oxidative stress markers induced by VPA. These results indicated that combination therapy with Zn and Se showed better an ameliorative effect than each one alone. Therefore, it can be suggested as an effective supplement for reproductive impairment in VPA-treated patient.
ABSTRACT
Valproic acid (VPA) is widely used antiepileptic agent which is associated with reproductive toxicity via impairment in oxidative redox. Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) are trace element with antioxidant effect that known to be essential for spermatogenesis. In the current study, the protective effect of co-administration of Zn and Se on VPA-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats was evaluated. Forty-eight male rats were divided into 8 groups of six (n=6): Control group (treated with normal saline); VPA only (250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus Zn (2 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus Se (1.5 mg/kg) group; VPA (500 mg/kg) plus a combination of Zn and Se group; and VPA+vitamin E (20 mg/kg) group. The Animals were sacrificed after 28 days of treatment and sperm analysis was taken. Also, evaluation of oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), glutathione (GSH) and histopathological changes were done on testis tissue. Morphological changes and a significant decrease in motility and sperm count in rats treated with VPA were observed. Also, an increase in oxidative stress marker, including MDA and PC and a decrease in GSH level was evident in VPA group. Zn and Se administration was able to protect against sperm abnormality, ameliorate the histological change in testis tissue, and suppressed the increase in oxidative stress markers induced by VPA. These results indicated that combination therapy with Zn and Se showed better an ameliorative effect than each one alone. Therefore, it can be suggested as an effective supplement for reproductive impairment in VPA-treated patient.
ABSTRACT
Numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress in the development of complications of diabetes. During hyperglycemia, production of oxidant agents such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species increases. This process, along with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, induces oxidative stress in the body. This redox imbalance causes damage to vital biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA and results in the generation of harmful products for the body. Mechanisms associated with the creation of oxidative stress conditions and subsequently complications of diabetes are explained through several pathways such as flux through the polyol pathway, intracellular production of advanced glycation end products precursors, protein kinase-C activation, and increased activities of the hexosamine pathway. On the other hand, the study of polymorphism in the antioxidant enzymes genes indicates that some of the gene polymorphisms reduce the antioxidant power of the enzymes. This article aims to review various studies to demonstrate the effect of oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the positive role of antioxidants on diabetic complications. Ghasemi-Dehnoo Maryam 1 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Amini-Khoei Hossein 2 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Lorigooini Zahra 3 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmoud 4 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Braun S, Bitton-Worms K, LeRoith D. The link between the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7(7): 1003-1015. Sagoo MK, Gnudi L. Diabetic nephropathy: Is there a role for oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116: 50-63. Rani V, Deep G, Singh RK, Palle K, Yadav UCS. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2016; 148: 183-193. Hutcheson R, Rocic P. The metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, environment, and cardiovascular disease: The great exploration. Exp Diabetes Res 2012; 2012: 1-13. Asmat U, Abad K, Ismail K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-a concise review. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24(5): 547-553. Calderon GD, Juarez OH, Hernandez GE, Punzo SM, De la Cruz ZD. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Development and treatment. Eye 2017; 31(8): 1122-1130. Nunes S, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Reis F. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Focus on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. In: Kirali K. (eds.) Cardiomyopathies-types and treatments. Croatia: InTech; 2017, p. 235-257. Rahimi-Madiseh M, Malekpour-Tehrani A, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications.
ABSTRACT
Numerous studies have implicated oxidative stress in the development of complications of diabetes. During hyperglycemia, production of oxidant agents such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species increases. This process, along with a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, induces oxidative stress in the body. This redox imbalance causes damage to vital biomolecules such as proteins, lipids and DNA and results in the generation of harmful products for the body. Mechanisms associated with the creation of oxidative stress conditions and subsequently complications of diabetes are explained through several pathways such as flux through the polyol pathway, intracellular production of advanced glycation end products precursors, protein kinase-C activation, and increased activities of the hexosamine pathway. On the other hand, the study of polymorphism in the antioxidant enzymes genes indicates that some of the gene polymorphisms reduce the antioxidant power of the enzymes. This article aims to review various studies to demonstrate the effect of oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the positive role of antioxidants on diabetic complications. Ghasemi-Dehnoo Maryam 1 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Amini-Khoei Hossein 2 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Lorigooini Zahra 3 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmoud 4 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord Braun S, Bitton-Worms K, LeRoith D. The link between the metabolic syndrome and cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7(7): 1003-1015. Sagoo MK, Gnudi L. Diabetic nephropathy: Is there a role for oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116: 50-63. Rani V, Deep G, Singh RK, Palle K, Yadav UCS. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Life Sci 2016; 148: 183-193. Hutcheson R, Rocic P. The metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, environment, and cardiovascular disease: The great exploration. Exp Diabetes Res 2012; 2012: 1-13. Asmat U, Abad K, Ismail K. Diabetes mellitus and oxidative stress-a concise review. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24(5): 547-553. Calderon GD, Juarez OH, Hernandez GE, Punzo SM, De la Cruz ZD. Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Development and treatment. Eye 2017; 31(8): 1122-1130. Nunes S, Rolo AP, Palmeira CM, Reis F. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Focus on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. In: Kirali K. (eds.) Cardiomyopathies-types and treatments. Croatia: InTech; 2017, p. 235-257. Rahimi-Madiseh M, Malekpour-Tehrani A, Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications.
ABSTRACT
Background: There is little evidence about antioxidant properties of vitamin D. Recent studies suggest that oxidative stress may play a major role in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], but the association of vitamin D with oxidative stress is still not known in PCOS
Objective: The goal of the present study was to evaluate the correlation between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and oxidative stress markers in PCOS group compared to control group
Materials and Methods: 60 PCOS women [20-40 yr old] and 90 healthy women as control group were participated in this case-control study. Fasting serum level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D 25[OH] D, glucose, insulin, calcium, malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl [PC], also homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] and fasting glucose to insulin ratio [FGIR] were measured
Results: It was found that the mean of serum 25[OH]D was lower in the PCOS group [10.76+/-4.17] than in the control group [12.07+/-6.26] but this difference was not statistically significant [p=0.125]. Fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and MDA were significantly higher in the PCOS patients as compared to the controls, whereas PC level did not differ for the two groups [p=0.156]. No significant correlations were found between 25[OH] D levels and oxidative stress markers [MDA and PC]
Conclusion: The findings indicated no significant differences in the serum 25[OH] D levels between the PCOS patients and the matched controls. Also, no correlation was found between the serum vitamin D levels and oxidative stress markers in both groups
ABSTRACT
In this report, we describe an unusual case of verminous appendicitis due to Enterobius vermicularis and Taenia saginata in a 29-year-old woman from Iran. The histopathological examinations and parasitological descriptions of both worms found in the appendix lumen are discussed. The removed appendix exhibited the macroscopic and microscopic features of acute appendicitis. Antihelminthic therapy was initiated with single doses of praziquantel for the taeniasis and mebendazole for the enterobiasis, and the patient was discharged
ABSTRACT
Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability. The prognostic value of VEGF expression in colorectal cancer is unclear as shown by the discordant results still reported in the literature. This study was designed for the evaluation of VEGF expression and correlation with clinicopathologic features in colorectal cancer. In this study, 60 paraffin - embedded blocks including colorectal cancer specimens and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues were evaluated for VEGF irnmunohistochemical expression and their correlation with clinicopathologic features among the patients who admitted in Sari Imam Khomeini hospital. Among the 60 patients [30 males,30 females] 51.7% [31 cases] showed VEGF overexpression [High staining], while it was 1.7% [1 case] in adjacent normal tissue [p=0.004]. VEGF expression was correlated with stage [p-value<0.001],grade [p-value<0.001], lymph node metastasis [p-value<0.001], recurrence [p-value<0.001] and tumor size [p-value<0.001]. In other clinicopathologic parameters, no relationship with VEGF expression was seen. These findings provide further evidence for the role of VEGF in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some previous studies showed discordant results, consequently more studies with larger sample size to confirm results are recommended
ABSTRACT
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR] is an important step for patient survival inside and outside the hospital. Therefore, the results of CPR can be effective in modifying the structure of this operation and in eliminating its shortcomings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success rate of CPR in intensive care unit of an Iran's Army Air Force hospital in 2012. Different preset forms were used to collect data from the record of doctors and nurses' report. Then, these data were transferred into a questionnaire that had been prepared for this purpose. The success criteria of the CPR were the return of cardiac and vital signs recorded through electrocardiography monitoring and also peripheral and central pulse palpation and hemodynamic stability for 24 hours. From among 185 studied patients, 36.7% were women and 63.2% were men. CPR success rate was 17.2%. CPR success rates in men and younger patients were more prevalent. Among the diseases, patients diagnosed with cerebrovascular accident were reported to have the most success rates in resuscitation. Although this study and other similar studies have reported higher success rates for resuscitation in men, in younger ages, and patients with a primary diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident irrespective of other factors, carrying out more precise studies is recommended, especially on the effects of intensity of problems and underlying diseases at the time of admission on the success rate of CPR
ABSTRACT
Most patients with gastrointestinal cancers refer to the health centers at advanced stages of the disease and conventional treatments are not significantly effective for these patients. Therefore, using modern therapeutic approaches with lower toxicity bring higher chance for successful treatment and reduced adverse effects in such patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of avocado fruit extracts on inhibition of the growth of cancer cells in comparison with normal cells. In an experimental study, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and petroleum extracts of avocado [Persea americana] fruit were prepared. Then, the effects if the extracts on the growth of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and colon adenocarcinoma cell lines were evaluated in comparison with the control group using the MTT test in the cell culture medium. Effects of the four extracts of avocado fruit on three cells lines of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and colon adenocarcinoma were tested. The results showed that avocado fruit extract is effective in inhibition of cancer cell growth in comparison with normal cells [P<0.05]. Avocado fruit is rich in phytochemicals, which play an important role in inhibition of growth of cancer cells. The current study for the first time demonstrates the anti-cancer effect of avocado fruit extracts on two cancers common in Iran. Therefore, it is suggested that the fruit extracts can be considered as appropriate complementary treatments in treatment of esophageal and colon cancers
ABSTRACT
Dendritic cells [DCs] are professional antigen presenting cells that have a potential role in the initiating of immune responses. The cell vaccination is a new strategy in treatment of infectious diseases and cancers. In this study, we have generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells of lymphoma patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells then; these cells were used as vaccine in lymphoma patients. We generated dendritic cell vaccine from lymphoma patient's blood monocytes with human interleukin-4, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor and then, antigen-primed DCS were administrated subcutaneously close to the inguinal lymph nodes after maturation of dendritic cells. After 7 days, we analyzed immune response in lymphoma patients with determining of LDH, Beta 2 Microglobulin, CD4+T cell percent, CD8+ Tcell percent and Tumor size before and after vaccination. Furthermore, phenotypic and functional analysis of dendritic cells was performed using anti CD83-FITC monoclonal antibodies. Before vaccination, the mean +/- SD of LDH was 530.62 +/- 140.65 but after vaccination it was 459 +/- 109.45 that significantly different between experimental groups [P=0.002]. In addition, the CD8+ T cells percentage significantly different between two groups [MX002]. We concluded that the use of dendritic cell probably is one of the suitable noninvasive treatments for lymphoma patients that they have not response to chemical drugs
ABSTRACT
Gastric cancer is one of the most common diseases of digestive system with a low 5-year survival rate and metastasis is the main cause of death. Multi-factors, such as changes in molecular pathways and deregulation of cells are involved in the disease development. Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway [EGFR] which is associated with cell proliferation and survival can influence cancer development. EGFR function is governed by its genetic polymorphism; thus, we aimed to study the tyrosine kinase domain gene mutations of the receptor in patients with gastric cancer. In this experimental study, 123 subjects [83 patients with gastric cancer and 40 normal subjects] were investigated in north of Iran for EGFR gene polymorphisms during 1 year. Genomic DNA was extracted by DNA extraction kit according to the manufacture's protocol. Polymerase chain reaction single-stranded conformation polymorphism [PCR-SSCP] and silver staining were performed for investigating EGFR gene polymorphisms. The participants included 72 men and 44 women. Gene polymorphism in exon 18 was present in 10% of the study population but SSCP pattern in exon 19 did not show different migrate bands neither in patients nor in normal subjects. It seems that screening for tyrosine kinas gene polymorphism of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with gastric cancer and use of tyrosine kinas inhibitors could be useful in the prevention of disease progress and improvement of treatment process for a better quality of life in these patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Polymorphism, Genetic , ErbB Receptors , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Mutation , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Polymorphism, Single-Stranded ConformationalABSTRACT
Congenital midline cervical cleft [CMCC] is a rare developmental anomaly of the anterior neck, mostly found in Caucasian females. Most authors consider it within the spectrum of branchial arch developmental abnormalities. There have been about 100 reported cases in the literature. However, there is no agreement on the age of surgery in this anomaly. In this report we present our experience of managing this anomaly in the early neonatal period in two neonates. One of them had concomitantly congenital heart disease. It is important to recognize this rare congenital anomaly in neonate. Although the exact time of surgery for CMCC is not mentioned, based on our results the earliest time of intervention is recommended since then the operating result will be excellent
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in female, after lung cancer. Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis; therefore, antiangiogenesis strategies for treatment of cancer are currently an issue of interest. The role of vascular endothelial growth factor that assumed to be most potent angiogenesis factor is ambiguous in breast cancer. This study described the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor expression and tumor grade, to define the breast cancer patients who responder to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. In this research, 200 cases of histological proved invasive ductal breast carcinomas analyzed for vascular endothelial growth factor expression by immunohistochemical staining via cross-sectional descriptive study. Vascular endothelial growth factor expressed in 72.54% of the breast cancers. The VEGF was more detectable in grade I [78.5%] than grade II [77.4%] and grade III [56.2%]. There is a significant correlation between tumor grade and VEGF expression [P<0.05]. According to this study, VEGF often expressed in invasive ductal breast carcinomas and inversely correlated with tumor grade. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor postulated more convenience for tumor progression suppression in low grade tumor than high grade tumor
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , FemaleABSTRACT
Chronic Hepatitis B virus [HBV] infection is a major liver disease worldwide and its clinical manifestations are linked to immune response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between selenium, copper, and zinc in comparison with transaminase level in chronic HBV patients. Serum samples of the HBV infected patients were obtained from Tooba medical center, Sari, Iran. Sixty patients were enrolled in this study [36 men and 24 women], mean age: 39.6 +/- 12.2 years. The concentration of zinc, selenium, copper and transaminases were determined using an autoanalyzer system. Concentrations of selenium [0.273 +/- 0.056 micro g/dl] and zinc [2.1 +/- 0.037] was elevated in patients with low transaminase levels as were significantly different in comparison with patients with high transaminase level [P<0.05]. Serum copper concentration was similar in two groups of patients. Elevated levels of transaminase concentrations were independently associated with low zinc and selenium concentrations in chronic HBV patients. It is concluded that serum zinc and selenium levels are associated with less hepatic damage in chronic HBV patients and might have a protective role during liver injury
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Trace Elements , Selenium , Copper , Zinc , Transaminases , Aspartate Aminotransferases , Alanine TransaminaseABSTRACT
Due to the importance of laser light penetration and propagation in biological tissues, many researchers have proposed several numerical methods such as Monte Carlo, finite element and green function methods. Among them, the Monte Carlo method is an accurate method which can be applied for different tissues. However, because of its statistical nature, Monte Carlo simulation requires a large number of photon pockets to be traced, so it is computationally expensive and time consuming. Although other numerical methods based on the diffusion method are fast, they have two important limitations: first, they are not valid near the bounder of sample and source, and second, their accuracy is less than Monte Carlo method. In this study, we combine the accuracy of Monte Carlo method and speed of the diffusion method. This hybrid method is faster than Monte Carlo Method and its accuracy is higher than the diffusion method. We first evaluate this hybrid model and the reflectance of a biological phantom is calculated by Monte Carlo method and this hybrid model. Then the propagation of laser light in the skin tissue has been studied. In this study, a combined method based on the Monte Carlo method and the diffuse equation is introduced. This hybrid method is five times faster than Monte Carlo Method, and its accuracy is higher than the diffusion method. The propagation of laser light in skin has also been studied by this hybrid method and its accuracy shows that it can be applied for laser penetration in biological tissues. It seems that this method is good for photo dynamic therapy [PDT] and optical imaging
Subject(s)
Skin/radiation effects , Scattering, Radiation , Two-Hybrid System Techniques , Photons , Models, Biological , Computer SimulationABSTRACT
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is an autoimmune multifactorial degenerative disease with detrimental affliction on central nervous system. MHC class I chain- related geneA,B [MICA and MICB] are nonclassical human leukocyte antigens that can affect on some diseases and also on transplantation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the MICA and MICB MRNA expression in multiple sclerosis patients. In this study, we evaluated MICA and MICB MRNA expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells by reverse transcryptase-polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] in MS patients and normal controls. The results of this study showed that 32.6% of patients with progressive clinical outcome over expressed MICB genes in comparison with controls [p=0.002]. It is concluded that the high expression of MICB gene in MS patients is an important criterion of MS disease that it may be due to the interaction between MICB and its receptor on CD8+T or NK cells
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Multiple Sclerosis/genetics , Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism , Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics , Disease SusceptibilityABSTRACT
During antigen capture and processing, mature dendritic cells [DC] express large amounts of peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules on their surface. DC are antigen-presenting cells that have an important role in tolerance and autoimmunity. The transforming growth factor-beta 1 [TGF-beta1] cytokine has a regulatory role on the immune and non-immune cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of TGF-beta1 on the induction of human leukocyte antigen-G [HLA-G] expression on the DC which is derived from monocyte. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect of TGF-beta1 in induction HLA-G expression on the monocyte-derived DC by flowcytometry and then CD4[+] T cell proliferative responses in the presence of DC-treated TGF-[beta1] was studied. Results: The results of this study showed that DC bearing HLA-G down-regulated activation of CD4[+] T cells and production of IL-6 and IL-17 in comparison with control [P<0.05]. Conclusion: It is concluded that TGF-beta1 has an important regulatory role in CD4[+] T cell proliferation by increasing HLA-G on DC and these cells can probably prevent unexpected immune responses in vivo
Subject(s)
Humans , /pharmacology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Dendritic Cells/drug effects , Dendritic Cells/immunology , B7-2 Antigen/metabolism , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Interleukin-17/metabolism , Interleukin-6/metabolismABSTRACT
Variety of positive as well as negative regulatory signals are provided by antigen presenting cell in particular by dendritic cells. In this research, we studied the capacity of dendritic cells to expand antigen-specific T regulatory cells.We also investigated the role of TGF-beta in induction inhibitory functions of dendritic cells in mixed leukocyte reactions. Dendritic cells were generated from blood CD14+ monocytes with granulocyte-Monocyte colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 with or without TGF-beta [TGF- Beta-GM-DC or GM-DC]. CD4+ T cell were isolated to assess lymphocyte proliferation by lymphocyte transformation test assay and the ratio of CD4+FOXp3+ CD25+ T cells were determined by fluorescene-activated cell sorter. T cell proliferation responses in GM-DC showed a significance antigen-specific proliferative response comparing with TGF Beta-GM -DC. T Cell proliferation was inhibited in co-culture system containing DC-treated TGF- Beta. It can be suggested that the expsansion of T regulatory by TGF- Beta-GM-DC provides a means for antigen specific control of unwanted immune reactions
Subject(s)
Humans , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Transforming Growth Factor beta , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Forkhead Transcription Factors , Monocytes , Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor , Flow CytometryABSTRACT
Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borreliaburgdorferi. Depending on the stage of illness, infection may be limited to the skin or involve the cardiac, nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Herein, we report a case of Lyme disease in a 23-year-old woman from North of Iran [Mazandaran] in early-localized stage of erythema chronicummigrans. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of serum antibody using ELISA method